This research project delves into the intricate philosophical underpinnings of modern human capital concepts. It examines the evolution of these concepts from their historical roots in classical economic thought to their contemporary manifestations in fields such as management, education, and public policy. The project will critically analyze the key philosophical assumptions that inform the conceptualization, measurement, and valuation of human capital, including perspectives from epistemology, ethics, and political philosophy. Specifically, we will explore how differing philosophical positions influence the understanding of individual capabilities, the role of education and training, and the ethical implications of human capital practices, such as performance management and talent acquisition. Moreover, the project aims to bridge the gap between theoretical frameworks and practical applications by investigating how human capital concepts are implemented in real-world settings and the impact of these applications on individuals and society. The research will employ a multi-method approach, including literature reviews, case studies, and potentially surveys, to provide a comprehensive analysis of the complexities surrounding the philosophical foundations of human capital and its implications for modern society, contributing to a deeper understanding of human potential and the ethical considerations shaping its development and utilization. Furthermore, the project attempts to uncover the implicit philosophical assumptions guiding current human capital practices and assess their consistency with core values of fairness and social justice.